Periods (rows)
Each period corresponds to an electron shell being filled (K=1, L=2, M=3…).
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Lesson overview
This lesson brings together the PDF, study notes and chapter flow so you can revise Periodic Classification without losing the thread.
Periods (rows)
Each period corresponds to an electron shell being filled (K=1, L=2, M=3…).
Groups (columns)
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence e⁻ → similar chemical properties.
Alkali metals (group 1)
1 valence e⁻. Very reactive. E.g.: Li, Na, K.
Halogens (group 17)
7 valence e⁻. Tend to gain 1e⁻ → anion X⁻.
Noble gases (group 18)
8 valence e⁻ (full outer shell). Chemically inert. E.g.: He, Ne, Ar.
Octet rule
Atoms tend to have 8 e⁻ on their outer shell (except H, He: 2 e⁻ → duplet).
Covalent bond
Sharing of electron pairs between atoms to reach noble gas configuration.
Experiment 1 - Periodic Classification
Lab protocol.
Experiment 2 - Periodic Classification
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Experiment 3 - Periodic Classification
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Experiment 4 - Periodic Classification
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Experiment 5 - Periodic Classification
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Application 1 - Periodic Classification
Industrial example.
Application 2 - Periodic Classification
Industrial example.
Application 3 - Periodic Classification
Industrial example.
Application 4 - Periodic Classification
Industrial example.
Application 5 - Periodic Classification
Industrial example.
Key Point 1
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Key Point 2
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Key Point 3
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Key Point 4
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Key Point 5
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Key Point 6
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Key Point 7
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Solution 1 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 2 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 3 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 4 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 5 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 6 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 7 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 8 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 9 - Periodic Classification
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Solution 10 - Periodic Classification
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Scientific method
Read data, identify the system, choose the model, write relations with SI units, then check the order of magnitude.
Exam focus
Precise definitions, labelled diagrams, unit conversions, document analysis, and justified numerical results.