Nucleus
Contains protons (charge +e) and neutrons (neutral). Nuclear charge = Z·e.
Loading page
Resource 1 of 2
Lesson overview
This lesson brings together the PDF, study notes and chapter flow so you can revise The Atom Model without losing the thread.
Nucleus
Contains protons (charge +e) and neutrons (neutral). Nuclear charge = Z·e.
Atomic number Z
Z = number of protons in the nucleus. Defines the chemical element.
Mass number A
A = Z + N (N = number of neutrons). Notation: ᴬZ X.
Electrons
Orbit the nucleus in shells. Charge −e. Neutral atom: nb e⁻ = Z.
Filling rule
Shell K (max 2e⁻), L (max 8e⁻), M (max 18e⁻). Fill in order K→L→M.
Valence electrons
Electrons in the outer shell. Determine chemical reactivity and bonding.
Cation (charge +)
Atom that lost electrons. E.g.: Na⁺ (Z=11: loses 1e⁻), Ca²⁺.
Anion (charge −)
Atom that gained electrons. E.g.: Cl⁻ (Z=17: gains 1e⁻), O²⁻.
Experiment 1 - Model of the Atom
Lab protocol.
Experiment 2 - Model of the Atom
Lab protocol.
Experiment 3 - Model of the Atom
Lab protocol.
Experiment 4 - Model of the Atom
Lab protocol.
Experiment 5 - Model of the Atom
Lab protocol.
Application 1 - Model of the Atom
Industrial example.
Application 2 - Model of the Atom
Industrial example.
Application 3 - Model of the Atom
Industrial example.
Application 4 - Model of the Atom
Industrial example.
Application 5 - Model of the Atom
Industrial example.
Key Point 1
Summary 1.
Key Point 2
Summary 2.
Key Point 3
Summary 3.
Key Point 4
Summary 4.
Key Point 5
Summary 5.
Key Point 6
Summary 6.
Key Point 7
Summary 7.
Formula 1
Physical law 1.
Formula 2
Physical law 2.
Formula 3
Physical law 3.
Formula 4
Physical law 4.
Formula 5
Physical law 5.
Formula 6
Physical law 6.
Formula 7
Physical law 7.
Solution 1 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 2 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 3 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 4 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 5 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 6 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 7 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 8 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 9 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Solution 10 - Model of the Atom
Explanation.
Scientific method
Read data, identify the system, choose the model, write relations with SI units, then check the order of magnitude.
Exam focus
Precise definitions, labelled diagrams, unit conversions, document analysis, and justified numerical results.